for Arabic, Persian, and Turkish
Consonants
A = Arabic, P = Persian, OT = Ottoman Turkish, MT = Modern Turkish
|
| A | P | OT | MT |
| A | P | OT | MT |
| A | P | OT | MT |
| ء | ʾ | ʾ | ʾ | — | ز | z | z | z | z | ك | k | k or g | k or ñ | k or n |
| ب | b | b | b | b or p | ژ | — | zh | j | j |
|
|
| or y | or y |
| پ | — | p | p | p | س | s | s | s | s |
|
|
| or ğ | or ğ |
| ت | t | t | t | t | ش | sh | sh | ş | ş | گ | — | g | g | g |
| ث | th | s | s | s | ص | ṣ | ṣ | ṣ | s | ل | l | l | l | l |
| ج | j | j | c | c | ض | ḍ | ż | ż | z | م | m | m | m | m |
| چ | — | ch | ç | ç | ط | ṭ | ṭ | ṭ | t | ن | n | n | n | n |
| ح | ḥ | ḥ | ḥ | h | ظ | ẓ | ẓ | ẓ | z | ه | h | h | h1 | h1 |
| خ | kh | kh | h | h | ع | ʿ | ʿ | ʿ | — | و | w | v or u | v | v |
| د | d | d | d | d | غ | gh | gh | g or ğ | g or ğ | ي | y | y | y | y |
| ذ | dh | z | z | z | ف | f | f | f | f | ة | a2 |
|
|
|
| ر | r | r | r | r | ق | q | q | ḳ | k | لا | 3 |
|
|
|
Vowels
| Arabic and Persian | Ottoman and Modern Turkish |
| Long ا or | ای | ā |
| ā |
|
| و | ū |
| ū |
|
| ي | ī |
| ī |
| Doubled | ّي-ِ | iyy (final form ī) |
| iy (final form ī) |
|
| ّ و-ُ | uww (final form ū) |
| uvv |
| Diphthongs | وَ | au or aw |
| ev |
|
| یَ | ai or ay |
| ey |
| Short | -َ | a |
| a or e |
|
| -ُ | u |
| u or ü / o or ö |
|
| -ِ | i |
| ı or i |
For Ottoman Turkish, authors may either transliterate or use the modern Turkish orthography.